Obelisks
Engelbach, Reginald, 1888-1946.
Egypt, Ancient
The unfinished obelisk in the granite quarries of Aswan, Egypt, as seen from north. Platform and quarry-face of pink granite quarry in the background. Obelisk possibly commissioned by Hatshepsut. Photo by Imp. Catala Frères and first published in 'The Aswan Obelisk with Some Remarks on the Ancient Engineering' (1922) by Reginald Engelbach.
Steele, Lawrence E.
Copyright RDS Library & Archives. Publication, transmission or display is prohibited without formal written approval of the RDS Library & Archives.
Still image
Drawings
Boats
Drawing of an Ancient Egyptian obelisk ship transporting an obelisk on the Nile, with smaller rowed boats following behind.
Temples
The Philae temple complex (/ˈfaɪliː/; Ancient Greek: Φιλαί or Φιλή and Πιλάχ, Arabic: فيلة Egyptian Arabic: [fiːlæ], Egyptian: p3-jw-rķ' or 'pA-jw-rq; Coptic: ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕ, ⲡⲓⲗⲁⲕϩ,[ Coptic pronunciation: [ˈpilɑk, ˈpilɑkh]) is an island-based temple complex in the reservoir of the Aswan Low Dam, downstream of the Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser, Egypt in Africa. Originally, the temple complex was located on Philae Island, near the expansive First Cataract of the Nile in Upper Egypt. These rapids and the surrounding area have been variously flooded since the initial construction of the Aswan Low Dam in 1902. With the construction of the modern dam in Aswan (1960–1970) a few kilometers upstream, this temple was going to face total flooding and was initially omitted from the Nubia Campaign project to rescue all temples in the area and avoid what had previously happened with the Aswan Low Dam and the Temple of Philae. However, the importance of the monumental complex, formerly known as the Pearl of the Nile, remembered for the description by Pierre Loti in his literary work Mort de Philae, led to further commitment from UNESCO member countries, which launched an international competition to save the monuments of Philae.
The Temple of Edfu is an Egyptian temple located on the west bank of the Nile in Edfu, Upper Egypt. The city was known in the Hellenistic period in Koine Greek as Ἀπόλλωνος πόλις and in Latin as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus, who was identified as Apollo under the interpretatio graeca.It is one of the best preserved shrines in Egypt. The temple was built in the Ptolemaic Kingdom between 237 and 57 BC. The inscriptions on its walls provide important information on language, myth and religion during the Hellenistic period in Egypt. In particular, the Temple's inscribed building texts "provide details [both] of its construction, and also preserve information about the mythical interpretation of this and all other temples as the Island of Creation."There are also "important scenes and inscriptions of the Sacred Drama which related the age-old conflict between Horus and Seth."They are translated by the Edfu-Project.
Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, -30 B.C
Sculpture
There are several famous busts associated with Cleopatra VII, including a marble bust in Berlin's Altes Museum showing her in royal Ptolemaic style, and a granite bust in Toronto's Royal Ontario Museum, discovered near her sunken palace in Alexandria. Other possible busts are in the British Museum and have been found at ancient sites in Egypt, though some recent discoveries' identifications remain debated by experts.
Cleopatra (69–30 BCE) was queen of Egypt when the Roman Empire was gradually expanding into the wealthy eastern Mediterranean. By allying herself first with the powerful Roman generals Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) and then Mark Antony (83–30 BCE), she hoped to maintain her country’s independence and her own authority. The political alliance between Antony and Cleopatra worried Caesar’s heir, Octavian, who, in 31 BCE, defeated the couple in a sea battle. Rather than suffer the humiliation of surrender, Cleopatra and Antony killed themselves.
Tetradrachm (coin) depicting Mark Anthony.
Coins
The capitals of the portico, Temple of Khnum, Esna.
The temple of Khnum at Esna also known as the temple of Esna, dedicated to the god Khnum, his consorts Menhit and Nebtu, their son, Heka, and the goddess Neith, was remarkable for the beauty of its site and the magnificence of its architecture. The Temple of Esna conveys a sense of the importance which the Ancient Egyptians placed upon their places of worship. All Egyptians who entered the confines of an Egyptian temple were required "to comply with the strict rules regarding ritual purity."
Hypostyle Hall, Hathor Temple, Dendera Temple complex.
The Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera, Egypt, is a magnificent Ptolemaic-era hall featuring a forest of colossal, intricately carved sandstone columns crowned with Hathor's face. Its vividly painted ceiling is adorned with celestial motifs, zodiac symbols, and hieroglyphs depicting gods and rituals, creating a breathtaking sacred atmosphere. This well-preserved hall showcases ancient Egyptian artistic skill, religious beliefs, and architectural ingenuity from the late Ptolemaic and Roman periods.
Diagram of theorised method for raising obelisks
Steps 4-6 of a diagram depicting Reginald Engelbach's theorised method by which Ancient Egyptians may have raised obelisks, as detailed in 'The Problem of the Obelisks' (1923) by Reginald Engelbach.
Luxor Obelisk in Place de la Concorde, Paris, France.
Deir el-Medina (Egyptian Arabic: دير المدينة), or Dayr al-Madīnah, is an ancient Egyptian workmen's village which was home to the artisans who worked on the tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the 18th to 20th Dynasties of the New Kingdom of Egypt (ca. 1550–1080 BC). The settlement's ancient name was Set maat ("Place of Truth"), and the workmen who lived there were called "Servants in the Place of Truth". During the Christian era, the temple of Hathor was converted into a Monastery of Saint Isidorus the Martyr (Coptic: ⲡⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲙ̄ⲫⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲡⲁ ⲓⲥⲓⲇⲱⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲙⲁⲣⲧⲉⲣⲟⲥ) from which the Egyptian Arabic name Deir el-Medina ("Monastery of the City") is derived. At the time when the world's press was concentrating on Howard Carter's discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, a team led by Bernard Bruyère began to excavate the site.This work has resulted in one of the most thoroughly documented accounts of community life in the ancient world that spans almost four hundred years. There is no comparable site in which the organisation, social interactions, working and living conditions of a community can be studied in such detail. The site is located on the west bank of the Nile, across the river from modern-day Luxor. The village is laid out in a small natural amphitheatre, within easy walking distance of the Valley of the Kings to the north, funerary temples to the east and south-east, with the Valley of the Queens to the west. The village may have been built apart from the wider population in order to preserve secrecy in view of sensitive nature of the work carried out in the tombs. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Plan and section of tomb K1 by John Garstang
Floor plans
Plan and section of tomb K1 in Beit Khallaf, Egypt, by John Garstang, British archaeologist.
Statues of Ramesses II and obelisk, Luxor Temple
Statues
Two statues of Rameses II, one seated and one standing, outside the first pylon (entrance) to Luxor Temple, with one of the Luxor Obelisks in the background.
Hieroglyphics
Hieroglyphic inscriptions at the base of the standing obelisk of Hatshepsut (Obelisk E).
Demotic (from Ancient Greek: δημοτικός dēmotikós, 'popular') is the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Nile Delta. The term was first used by the Greek historian Herodotus to distinguish it from hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts. By convention, the word "Demotic" is capitalized in order to distinguish it from demotic Greek.
Fallen obelisk of Hatshepsut at Karnak Temple Complex
The fallen Obelisk of Hatshepsut (Obelisk F) at Karnak Temple Complex. Hieroglyphics in the centre, beneath the depiction of Horus as a falcon, depict Hatshepsut's Horus name, 'Useret kau' (Mighty of Ka's).
Interior shot Temple of Hathor, Dendera Temple complex.
The original temple structure underwent continuous modifications throughout the Middle Kingdom and up until the beginning of the reign of the Roman emperor Trajan. The existing temple's structure began construction in 54 B.C.E, the late Ptolemaic period, under the reign of Ptolemy Auletes.The hypostyle hall was built in the Roman period under Tiberius.mIn Egypt, Trajan was quite active in constructing buildings and decorating them. He appears, together with Domitian, in offering scenes on the propylaeum of the Temple of Hathor. His cartouche also appears in the column shafts of the Temple of Khnum at Esna.
Detail of bas-relief from the Temple of Kom Ombo
Kom Ombo in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. It was constructed during the Ptolemaic dynasty, 180–47 BC. Some additions to it were later made during the Roman period.
The unfinished obelisk after partial excavation in the granite quarries of Aswan, Egypt. Obelisk possibly commissioned by Hatshepsut. Photo by Imp. Catala Frères and first published in 'The Aswan Obelisk with Some Remarks on the Ancient Engineering' (1922) by English Egyptologist Reginald Engelbach.
The Flaminio Obelisk, quarried by Pharaoh Seti from granite quarries in Aswan, located in the Piazza del Popolo, Rome, Italy. In the background is the Porta del Popolo.
St. Peter's Square in the Vatican City, Rome, with the Tuscan colonnades and Vatican obelisk in the background, and granite fountain and woman in the foreground.
Unfinished obelisk at Aswan (buried in sand)
The unfinished obelisk buried in the sand in the granite quarries of Aswan, Egypt, possibly commissioned by Hatshepsut.
Tombs
The Tomb-chapels of Paser and Ra'ia (also known as Pay and Raia) are located at Saqqâra, an ancient necropolis south of Cairo, and contain the burials of a family that spanned generations. The tomb was originally built for Pay during the reign of Tutankhamun and was later expanded by his son Ra'ia, with the family using it until the reign of Ramesses II.
Plan of the Temple of Hathor. Dendera Temple complex.
Obelisks of Hatshepsut at Karnak Temple Complex
The fallen Obelisk of Hatshepsut (Obelisk F) at Karnak Temple Complex, with a standing Obelisk of Hatshepsut (Obelisk E) in the background.
The Esneh Temple, also known as the Temple of Khnum, is a well-preserved Ptolemaic-Roman sanctuary in the city of Esna, Egypt, dedicated to the ram-headed creator god Khnum. Located about 60 km south of Luxor, the temple is known for its impressive hypostyle hall with 24 tall sandstone columns, vividly decorated with colourful reliefs, inscribed texts, and astronomical ceilings, including a Babylonian zodiac. A former cotton storage facility, the temple's extensive preservation is partly due to the soot that accumulated on its walls and ceilings, which has been cleaned to reveal vivid colours and intricate artwork from the Ptolemaic and Roman periods.
Copyright RDS Library & Archives. Publication, transmission or display is prohibited without formal written approval of the RDS Library & Archive
Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Türkiye.
Egyptian man and European man on donkey at Karnak Temple Complex Sacred Lake
An Egyptian man in dark galibya and white headdress holds the reins to a donkey, sat on by a European man in Edwardian clothing and hat. In the background are the Sacred Lake and the Great Temple of Amun at the Karnak Temple Complex.
Grand carved gateway to Temple of Horace at Edfu
Egypt
Partially crumbled stone wall with a dog at the base of it.
Pyramids
The Pyramid of Khafre in the Giza Pyramid Complex, with trees in the foreground.
The Pyramid of Khafre (Kephren) as viewed from the top of the Great Pyramid of Giza (Pyramid of Khufu),
Hypostyle Hall with columns decorated with the representation of the goddess Hathor. Temple of Hathor, Dendera Temple complex.
The Hypostyle Room of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera, Egypt, is a magnificent Ptolemaic-era hall featuring a forest of colossal, intricately carved sandstone columns crowned with Hathor's face. Its vividly painted ceiling is adorned with celestial motifs, zodiac symbols, and hieroglyphs depicting gods and rituals, creating a breathtaking sacred atmosphere. This well-preserved hall showcases ancient Egyptian artistic skill, religious beliefs, and architectural ingenuity from the late Ptolemaic and Roman periods.
Tetradrachm depicting Ptolemy VIII Euergetes.
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon (Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης Τρύφων, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs Tryphōn, "Ptolemy the Benefactor, the Opulent"; c. 184 BC – 28 June 116 BC), nicknamed Physcon (Φύσκων, Physkōn, "Fatty"), was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. He was the younger son of King Ptolemy V and Queen Cleopatra I. His reign was characterised by fierce political and military conflict with his older siblings, Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II.
Great gateway into the grand court of the Temple of Horace at Edfou.
The Great Pyramid of Giza in the background, and the base of the Pyramid of Khafre in the foreground.
Wall with hieroglyphics in the northwest corner of the Khafre (Kephren) Pyramid Complex.
A man wearing a dark galibya and white headdress stands in the Valley Temple of Khafre (Kephren), part of the pyramid complex of Khafre at Giza.
Sphinxes (Mythology) in art
The Great Sphinx of Giza and surrounding landscape.
Ranefer or Ranofer (fl. c. 2500 BC) was a High Priest of Ptah, who lived at the beginning of the Fifth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. His name means "Ra is beautiful". His main title was "greatest of the directors of craftsmen belonging to the day of festival". This is a variation of the title normally assigned to the high priest of Ptah. Ranefer served as a High Priest at the end of the Fourth and the beginning of the Fifth Dynasty. He also was a priest of Seker, steward of Seker (imy-r pr zkr) and priest of Ptah, and was buried in a large mastaba built for himself at Saqqara. In the mastaba was also found the statue of a woman called Hekenu. His name and titles are preserved on two statues discovered in the mastaba. The statues are today in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
Antinoüs (born c. 110, Bithynium, Bithynia—died 130, near Besa, Egypt) was the lover of the Roman emperor Hadrian, deified by the emperor after his death in Egypt, where he drowned. Hadrian erected temples to him throughout the empire and founded a city, named Antinoöpolis, in his honour, near the place where he died. An obelisk, now in Rome near the Porta Maggiore, marked his tomb. Many sculptures, gems, and coins survive depicting Antinoüs as a model of youthful beauty.
Silver Tetdradrachm depicting Ptolemy I Soter.
Ptolemy I Soter, King of Egypt, -283 B.C
Ptolemy I, the son of Lagos and Arsinoe, was the founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty. He proclaimed himself king of Egypt in 305 BC. Berenice I, the daughter of Magas and Antigone, married Ptolemy I in 317. She was only his third wife, but went on being his queen until his death. Ptolemy received his epithet Soter (the Savior) from the polis of Rhodos. The official cult as Theos Soter (saving god) was established by his son, Ptolemy II, after his death. His wife, Berenice I, was then also worshipped together with Ptolemy I as Theoi Soteres.
Fossils
This extinct paenungulate herbivore was a prehistoric rhinoceros-like mammal that is related to modern animals such as elephants. The skull is 75 centimetres long, and is from an adult male. The long pointed horns show traces of blood vessels near their bases. Arsinoitherium lived during the late Eocene and early Oligocene in northern Africa, from 36 to 30 million years ago.
Silver Dodekadrachm depicting Queen Berenike II.
Bérénice II, Queen, consort of Ptolemy III, King of Egypt, approximately 270 B.C.-221 B.C.
Berenice II Euergetis (267 or 266 – 221 BCE; Greek: Βερενίκη Ευεργέτις, Berenikē Euergetis, "Berenice the Benefactress" was queen regnant of Cyrenaica from 258 to 246 BCE and queen of Ptolemaic Egypt from 246 to 222 BCE as the wife of Ptolemy III. She is sometimes considered co-regent of her Ptolemaic husband. She married Demetrius the Fair, thus giving him the throne of Cyrenaica, on the death of her father Magas in 250/249 BCE. After a short power struggle with her mother, Berenice married her half-cousin Ptolemy III, the third ruler of the Ptolemaic kingdom. This marriage led to the re-incorporation of Cyrenaica into the Ptolemaic empire. As queen of Egypt, Berenice participated actively in government, was incorporated into the Ptolemaic state cult alongside her husband and worshipped as a goddess in her own right. She is best known for sacrificing her hair as a votive offering, which led to the constellation Coma Berenices being named after her. Berenice was murdered by the regent Sosibius shortly after the accession of her son Ptolemy IV Philopator in 221 BCE.
Facade of the Temple of Hathor. Dendera Temple Complex.
Dendera (Egypt)
Facade of Temple of Hathor. Dendera Temple Complex. Viewed from northeast of the temple's façade. The original temple structure underwent continuous modifications throughout the Middle Kingdom and up until the beginning of the reign of the Roman emperor Trajan. The existing temple's structure began construction in 54 B.C.E, the late Ptolemaic period, under the reign of Ptolemy Auletes.The hypostyle hall was built in the Roman period under Tiberius.mIn Egypt, Trajan was quite active in constructing buildings and decorating them. He appears, together with Domitian, in offering scenes on the propylaeum of the Temple of Hathor. His cartouche also appears in the column shafts of the Temple of Khnum at Esna.
The great vestibule of the Temple of Hathor, Dendera Temple Complex.
The great vestibule of the Temple of Hathor, Dendera Temple Complex.The Dendera Temple complex (Ancient Egyptian: Iunet or Tantere; the 19th-century English spelling in most sources, including Belzoni, was Tentyra; also spelled Denderah[1]) is located about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) south-east of Dendera, Egypt. It is one of the best-preserved temple complexes of ancient Egypt. The area was used as the sixth nome of Upper Egypt, south of Abydos.
Bas-relief Hieroglyphs, Temple of Hathor, Dendera Temple Complex.
Bas-relief of hieroglyphs on wall in Dendera Temple complex. The Dendera Temple complex (Ancient Egyptian: Iunet or Tantere; the 19th-century English spelling in most sources, including Belzoni, was Tentyra; also spelled Denderah[1]) is located about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles) south-east of Dendera, Egypt. It is one of the best-preserved temple complexes of ancient Egypt. The area was used as the sixth nome of Upper Egypt, south of Abydos.
A European Man leans against a wall looking at the ruins of an Egyptian Temple. Possibly the Temple of Amun at Karnak.
Bas-Relief Panel Showing Queen Cleopatra VII in Costume with Sun Disk, Cow Horn Headdress of Hathor.
Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great.
Rosetta stone.
Egyptian language--Writing, Hieroglyphic
The Rosetta Stone is a stele of granodiorite inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The top and middle texts are in Ancient Egyptian using hieroglyphic and Demotic scripts, respectively, while the bottom is in Ancient Greek. The decree has only minor differences across the three versions, making the Rosetta Stone key to deciphering the Egyptian scripts. The stone was carved during the Hellenistic period and is believed to have originally been displayed within a temple, possibly at Sais. It was probably moved in late antiquity or during the Mamluk period, and was eventually used as building material in the construction of Fort Julien near the town of Rashid (Rosetta) in the Nile Delta. It was found there in July 1799 by French army officer Pierre-François Bouchard during France's invasion of Egypt. It was the first Ancient Egyptian bilingual text recovered in modern times, and it aroused widespread public interest with its potential to decipher this previously untranslated hieroglyphic script. Lithographic copies and plaster casts soon began circulating among European museums and scholars. When the British defeated the French, they took the stone to London under the terms of the Capitulation of Alexandria in 1801. Since 1802, it has been on public display at the British Museum almost continuously and it is the most visited object there.
Monuments
Pompey's Pillar (Arabic: عمود السواري, romanized: 'Amud El-Sawari) is a Roman triumphal column in Alexandria, Egypt. Despite its modern name, it was actually set up in honour of the Roman emperor Diocletian between 298–302 AD. The giant Corinthian column originally supported a colossal porphyry statue of the emperor in armour.[1] It stands at the eastern side of the temenos of the Serapeum of Alexandria, which is now in ruins. It is the only ancient monument in Alexandria that is still standing in its original location.
Tetradrachm depicting Queen Cleopatra VII.
Cleopatra (69–30 BCE) was queen of Egypt when the Roman Empire was gradually expanding into the wealthy eastern Mediterranean. By allying herself first with the powerful Roman generals Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) and then Mark Antony (83–30 BCE), she hoped to maintain her country’s independence and her own authority. The political alliance between Antony and Cleopatra worried Caesar’s heir, Octavian, who, in 31 BCE, defeated the couple in a sea battle. Rather than suffer the humiliation of surrender, Cleopatra and Antony killed themselves. This coin was minted during Antony and Cleopatra’s alliance. By pairing their faces on coinage, the rulers advertised their powerful partnership, which was so strong that Cleopatra’s profile is an exact copy of Antony’s portrait. Cleopatra’s image appears on the front of the coin, which identifies her as the more important of the two rulers. A crown circling her carefully braided hair symbolizes her status as a queen.
Tetradrachm depicting Cleopatra VII. Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and the last active Hellenistic pharaoh. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great.
Mummies
Mummy of a Greek youth, aged 19-21, named Artemidorus in a cartonnage body-case with mythological decoration in gold leaf and an encaustic on limewood portrait-panel covering the face and inscription on the chest. There is an inscription in Greek on the mummy-case. Skull - there is an extensive stellate fracture of the vault of the skull which may be ante mortem. All teeth appear to be present. The cervical spine is obscured by the mandible and packing material which is present in the neck and shoulder region. Thorax and Abdomen - These cavities appear to be filled with some sandy material. The dorsal spine is in disorder; all the ribs have been dislocated at their costo-vertebral junctions, but not fractured. The lumbar spine appears intact, but the intervertebral discs are opaque. There is bilateral sacrilisation of the 5th lumbar vertebra. The iliac epiphyses have by no means closed, hence the estimate of age. Arms - Extended. Hands with extended fingers in the pubic area. Legs - Menisci opaque. No fractures, dislocations, or lines of arrested growth.
Painted Egyptian mummy case. Roman period.
Painted Egyptian Mummy case from the Roman period.
Sarcophagi
The Singer of the Residence of Amun, Ankhshepenwepet, was buried in a tomb within the precinct of Hatshepsut's temple in Deir el-Bahri. The burial was plundered and no traces were left of her mummy, which would have been placed in the inner coffin. The inner coffin of Ankhshepenwepet has a new shape which was developed during Dynasty 25. It is broader, with square shoulders and an over-sized head. On her head she wears a lappet wig (the hair painted blue), and a vulture headdress formerly worn by only queens and goddesses. The decoration on the lid includes the scene of the weighing of the heart from the Book of the Dead, and below it, for the first time on coffins, the mummy is depicted. It lies on an embalmer's bed and a ba-bird, symbolizing Ankhshepenwepet's spirit, hovers above it (see detail photo). Beneath the bed are two groups of objects; four canopic jars and four viscera bundles (containing the internal organs). The fact that the bundles are depicted suggests that the jars are "dummy" canopic jars, like the ones in Ankhshepenwepet's tomb (25.3.205a-d).
The Obelisk of Thutmose I, Karnak Temple Complex.
Karnak (Egypt)
The Obelisk of Thutmose I at the Karnak Temple in Luxor, Egypt, is a nearly 21.7-meter-tall, 143-ton granite monument from the New Kingdom period (c. 1506–1493 BCE). It features hieroglyphic inscriptions celebrating Pharaoh Thutmose I, his achievements, and his divine favor. As one of the oldest and tallest surviving obelisks, it stands within the sprawling Karnak complex, serving as both a significant historical artifact and a testament to ancient Egyptian architectural prowess.
The Obelisk of Hatshepsut, Karnak Temple Complex.
The obelisk of Hatshepsut, built in the year 1457 BC, during the XVIII dynasty, is the second biggest of all the ancient Egyptian obelisks. Made of one single piece of pink granite, it has a height of 28.58 metres and its weight is 343 tons. It is located in the Big Temple of Amon, in Karnak. The obelisks are in its origins a homage to the Sun God. The Pharaohs were considered the sons of the sun and the woman which gave birth to it. The upper part, in pyramid form, would represent the rays of the sun falling on earth, was usually covered in gold, bronze or metal alloys, so that they would shine when the sunlight would fall on it. They received the name of pyramidion. The pharaohs erected their own obelisks in honour of certain events. In each of these four faces of the monolith inscriptions were sculpted that glorified the pharaoh. The obelisk symbolised stability and permanence.
Carved doorway in Dendera Temple complex.
Four Ushabtis. Ushabtis were placed in tombs among the grave goods and were intended to act as servants or minions for the deceased, should they be called upon to do manual labor in the afterlife.
Granite structure with carved relief from Karnak Temple Complex.
Detail showing granite structure with carved and painted decoration in Karnak main temple.
Illus. in: Égypte et Nubie : sites et monuments les plus intéressants pour l'étude de l'art et de l'histoire / Félix Teynard. Paris : Goupil et Cie, [1858], pl. 61. Surrogate available as: Félix Teynard: calotypes of Egypt : A catalogue raisonné ; Essays by Kathleen Stewart Howe. New York : Hans P. Kraus, Jr., Inc., 1992.
Sarcophagus
Luxor Temple (Luxor, Egypt)
Alexandria (Egypt)
Maps
Tetradrachma depicting Alexander the Great.
Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.
A Tetradrachma coin depicting head of Alexander the Great.
Collection of 5 decorated pottery objects.
Pottery
A collection of five decorated pottery items, included bowl and plate.
A decorated terracotta dish with handles decorated with animals and heads.
Map of Ancient Egypt with archaeological sites marked.
Hand-tinted map of the Eastern Mediterranean.
Hand-tinted antiquarian map of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, with Latin names.
Nile River
Traditional Egyptian sailboat or Gyassas sailing on the River Nile.
The Temple of Kom Ombo is an unusual double temple in the town of Kom Ombo in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. It was constructed during the Ptolemaic dynasty, 180–47 BC. Some additions to it were later made during the Roman period. it is dedicated to the crocodile god Sobek, god of fertility and creator of the world with Hathor and Khonsu and the falcon god Haroeris ("Horus the Elder").
The Dublin Horse Show: Championing Irish Equestrianism for Over 150 Years Exhibition Panels
The Dublin Horse Show: Championing Irish Equestrianism for Over 150 Years Exhibition Video
Dublin Horse Show
Royal Dublin Society. Horse Show
A photograph of Eddie Macken on Carroll's Royal Lion competing for Ireland in the Nations Cup at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1983.
Royal Dublin Society
1983
Maymes Ansell Horse Show Archive 1967 - 2006
Three photographs of George Chapman on Madeleine Byrne's Byeway, reserve champion hunter of the show, on a lap of honour at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1983.
Two photographs of Frances Cash on Standing Ovation, supreme hunter champion of the show, on a lap of honour at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1983.
Nations Cup
Photograph of James Kernan on Condy competing for Ireland in the Nations Cup at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1982.
1982
Photograph of Kevin Bourke on Touraliady competing for Australia at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1982.
Photograph of Harvey Smith on Sanyo Technology competing for Great Britain in the Shell Puissance at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1982.
Photograph of Peter Weinberg on Patras competing for Germany in the Shell Puissance at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1982.
Photograph of Paul Darragh on Carroll's Solid Gold competing for Ireland in the Shell Puissance at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1982.
Photograph of Comdt. Gerry Mullins on unknown horse competing in an unknown competition at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1982.
Photograph of unknown rider on unknown horse competing at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1982.
Photograph of James Kernan on Condy competing for Ireland in an unknown competition at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1982.
Photograph of Chris Smith on Hi-Summit competing for Australia in the Thibenzole Stakes at the RDS Dublin Horse Show 1980.
1980